Appendix C. Conjugational Endings and Irregular Forms ===================================================== Revision 1.17 of this page, last updated on 2003/02/17. (C)opyright 1994-2003 Mark H. Nodine An HTML version of this lesson can be found at [http://www.cs.brown.edu/fun/welsh/AppendixC.html] This lesson and all previous ones are available for anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.brown.edu in the directory /u/man/welsh. See README.etx for a list of the contents. Contents: C.1. Introduction C.2. Endings for Verbs C.2.1. The Normal Endings C.2.2. The Contracted Endings C.2.3. The "-hau" Endings C.2.4. The "-a/u" Endings C.2.5. The "-bod" and "-fod" Endings C.2.6. The "mynd" Endings (and the Verb "mynd") C.2.7. The "gwybod" Endings (and the Verb "gwybod") C.3. Irregular Verbs C.3.1. The Verb "bod" C.3.2. The Verb "adnabod" ("nabod") C.3.3. The Verb "gwybod" C.3.4. The Verb "dod" C.3.5. The Verb "mynd" C.3.6. The Verb "cael" C.4. Endings for Adjectives C.5. Endings for Prepositions C.5.1. First Conjugation C.5.2. Second Conjugation C.6. Irregular Prepositions C.6.1. Gan C.6.2. I C.6.3. O C.6.4. Tros/Dros C.6.5. Trwy/Drwy C.6.6. Wrth Footnotes C C.1. Introduction ----------------- This appendix gives the endings for the conjugations of regular verbs, including all those that are referenced in the lexicons. It also gives the full conjugations for irregular verbs. For those sets of endings that are also complete verbs in their own rights, they appear in Section C.2. Most of this information comes from [Williams80] and [Klingebiel94]. For an alphabetical listing of endings and irregular verb forms, see Appendix F. C.2. Endings for Verbs ---------------------- C.2.1. The Normal Endings ......................... Some verbs with normal endings have two stems listed, one for monosyllabic endings (designated "_&1_") and one for polysyllabic endings (designated "_&2+_"). All endings are monosyllabic except those explicitly indicated below. * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. a(f) wn,%wn [B] 2. i wch,%wch [B] 3. ith,iff,a [A] an(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. ir,%ir [B] ======== ============================ [A] "-iff" and "-ith" are dialectic. "-a" is pretty much always acceptable, though there may be preferred forms which are noted in the lexicons. [B] The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e". * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wn,%wn [A] em [1] 2. it,%it [A] ech 3. ai en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. id,%id [A] ======== ============================ [A] The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e". * Past Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. ais,es [A] ((a)s)om [1] 2. aist,est [A] ((a)s)och 3. odd ((a)s)an(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. wyd ======== ================================ [A] "-es" and "-est" are colloquial. Note: The endings "asom", "asoch", and "asan(t)" are polysyllabic. Note: The endings "som", "soch", and "san(t)" are only used with the verb "gweld" and its compounds. * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. aswn asem [1] 2. asit asech 3. asai asen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. asid,esid ======== ============================ Note: All these endings are polysyllabic. Note: All these endings omit the "a" when used with the verb "gweld" and its compounds. * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wy(f) om [1] 2. ych och 3. o on(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. er ======== ============================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wn,%wn [A] em [1] 2. it,%it [A] ech 3. ai en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. id,%id [A] ======== ============================ [A] The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e". * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. [3] wn,%wn [B] 2. a [A] wch,%wch [B] 3. ed en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. er ======== ============================ [A] "-a" is correct except where noted in the lexicons. [B] The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e". * Verbal Adjectives -------- ----------------- adwy ~able -------- ----------------- edig having been ~ed ======== ================= Note: Both of these endings are polysyllabic. C.2.2. The Contracted Endings ............................. * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. (f) wn 2. i wch 3. - +n(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. ir ======== ============================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wn em [1] 2. it ech 3. +i en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. id ======== ============================ * Past Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. is esom [1] 2. ist esoch 3. odd,es esan(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. wyd,ed ======== ============================ * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. eswn esem [1] 2. esit esech 3. esai esen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. esid ======== ============================ * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wy(f) +m [1] 2. ech och 3. - +n(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. er ======== ============================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. wn em [1] 2. it ech 3. +i en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. id ======== ============================ * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. [3] wn 2. - wch 3. ed en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. er ======== ============================ * Verbal Adjectives -------- ----------------- adwy ~able -------- ----------------- edig having been ~ed ======== ================= C.2.3. The "-hau" Endings ......................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. ha(f) hawn 2. hei hewch 3. ha ha+n(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. heir ======== ============================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------- 1. hawn haem [1] 2. hait haech 3. ha+i haen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------- impers. heid ======== ============================ * Past Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. heais hasom [1] 2. heaist hasoch 3. haodd hasan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. hawyd ======== ============================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. haswn hasem [1] 2. hasit hasech 3. hasai hasen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. hasid ======== ============================== * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. hawy(f) haom [1] 2. heych haoch 3. hao haon(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. haer ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. hawn haem [1] 2. hait haech 3. ha+i haen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. heid ======== ============================== * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. [3] hawn 2. ha hewch 3. haed haen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. haer ======== ============================== * Verbal Adjective -------- ------ haol ~able ======== ====== C.2.4. The "-a/u" Endings ......................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. a+(f) a/wn 2. e/i e/wch 3. a/ a+n(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. e/ir ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. a/wn a/em [1] 2. a/it a/ech 3. a+i a/en(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. e/id ======== ============================== * Past Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. eais asom [1] 2. eaist asoch 3. aodd asan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. a/wyd ======== ============================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. aswn asem [1] 2. asit asech 3. asai asen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. asid ======== ============================== * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. awy(f) aom [1] 2. eych aoch 3. ao aon(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. aer ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. a/wn a/em [1] 2. a/it a/ech 3. a+i a/en(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. e/id ======== ============================== * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. [3] a/wn 2. a/ e/wch 3. a/ed a/en(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. a/er ======== ============================== * Verbal Adjective -------- ------ a/ol ~able ======== ====== C.2.5. The "-bod" and "-fod" Endings .................................... The only difference between the "-bod" and the "-fod" endings is that the latter begin with an "f" instead of a "b". Only the "-bod" forms are given. * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. bydda(f) byddwn 2. byddi byddwch 3. bydd byddan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. byddir ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. byddwn byddem [1] 2. byddit byddech 3. byddai bydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. byddid ======== ============================== * Past Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. bu+m buom [1] 2. buost buoch 3. bu buan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. buwyd ======== ============================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. buaswn buasem [1] 2. buasit buasech 3. buasai buasen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. buasid ======== ============================== * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. byddwy(f) byddom [1] 2. byddych byddoch 3. byddo byddon(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. bydder ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. byddwn byddem [1] 2. byddit byddech 3. byddai bydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. byddid ======== ============================== * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. [3] byddwn 2. bydd byddwch 3. bydded bydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. bydder ======== ============================== C.2.6. The "mynd" Endings (and the Verb "mynd") ............................................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- ---------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- --------------- 1. a(f) awn 2. ei ewch 3. a+,aiff,eith [A] a+n(t) [2] -------- ---------------- --------------- impers. eir ======== ================================ [A] "Aiff" and "eith" are colloquial forms. * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. awn aem [1] 2. ait aech 3. a+i aen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. eid ======== ============================== * Past Tense -------- --------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- --------------- --------------- 1. euthum,es [A] aethom [1] 2. aethost,est [A] aethoch 3. aeth aethan(t) [2] -------- --------------- --------------- impers. ae(thpwy)d ======== =============================== [A] "Es" and "est" are colloquial forms. * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------------------ **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------------------ 1. aethwn,elswn aethem,elsem [1] 2. aethit,elsit aethech,elsech 3. aethai,elsai aethen(t),elsen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------------------ impers. aethid,elsid ======== ======================================= * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. elwy(f) elom [1] 2. elych eloch 3. e+l,elo elon(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. eler ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. elwn elem [1] 2. elit elech 3. elai elen(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. elid ======== ============================== * Imperative Mood -------- ----------------------- ---------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ----------------------- ---------------------- 1. [3] awn 2. dos,cer(a),cere; -a [A] cerwch,ewch; -ewch [B] 3. aed,eled aen(t),elen(t) [2] -------- ----------------------- ---------------------- impers. aer,eler ======== ============================================== [A] "Cer", "cera", and "cere" are from the S. Wales dialect. When "mynd" is used as a set of endings, "-a" is correct. [B] When "mynd" is used as a set of endings, "-ewch" is correct. C.2.7. The "gwybod" Endings (and the Verb "gwybod") ................................................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. gwn gwyddom [1] 2. gwyddost gwyddoch 3. gw+yr gwyddan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. gwyddys,gwy+s ======== ============================== * Future Tense -------- -------------- ------------------ **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------------ 1. gwybydda(f) gwybyddwn 2. gwybyddi gwybyddwch 3. gwybydd gwybyddan(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------------ impers. gwybyddir ======== ================================= * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. gwyddwn gwyddem [1] 2. gwyddit gwyddech 3. gwyddai gwydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. gwyddid ======== ============================== * Past Tense -------- -------------- ------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------------------- 1. gwybu+m gwybuom [1] 2. gwybuost gwybuoch 3. gwybu gwyban(t),gwybon(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------------------- impers. gwybuwyd ======== ======================================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------------- 1. gwybuaswn gwybuasem [1] 2. gwybuasit gwybuasech 3. gwybuasai gwybuasen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------------- impers. gwybuasid ======== ================================== * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- ----------------------- ---------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ----------------------- ---------------------------- 1. gwypwy(f),gwybyddwy(f) gwypom,gwybyddom [1] 2. gwypych,gwybyddych gwypoch,gwybyddoch 3. gwypo,gwybyddo gwypon(t),gwybyddon(t) [2] -------- ----------------------- ---------------------------- impers. gwyper,gwybydder ======== ==================================================== * Imperfect Tense -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- 1. gwypwn,gwybyddwn gwypem,gwybyddem [1] 2. gwypit,gwybyddit gwypech,gwybyddech 3. gwypai,gwybyddai gwypen(t),gwybydden(t) [2] -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- impers. gwypid,gwybyddid ======== ============================================== * Imperative Mood -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- 1. [3] gwybyddwn 2. gwybydd gwybyddwch 3. gwyped,gwybydded gwypen(t),gwybydden(t) [2] -------- ----------------- ---------------------------- impers. gwybydder ======== ============================================== C.3. Irregular Verbs -------------------- C.3.1. The Verb "bod" ..................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- ------------------- ----------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ------------------- ----------------------- 1. (yd)w(yf) ydym,y+m [1] 2. (yd)wyt (yd)ych,(yd)ach 3. oes,mae,(yd)yw,ydy maen(t),(yd)yn(t) [2] -------- ------------------- ----------------------- impers. [3] ======== =========================================== * Future and Consuetudinal Present Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. bydda(f) byddwn 2. byddi byddwch 3. bydd byddan(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. byddir ======== ============================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------- 1. oeddwn,o+n oeddem [1] 2. oeddit oeddech 3. (yd)oedd oedden(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------- impers. oeddid ======== ============================== * Consuetudinal Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. byddwn byddem [1] 2. byddit byddech 3. byddai bydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. byddid ======== ================================ * Past Tense -------- ---------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ----------------- 1. bu+m,bues,buais buom [1] 2. buost,buest buoch 3. bu(odd) buon(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ----------------- impers. buwyd ======== ================================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. b(u)aswn b(u)asem [1] 2. b(u)asit b(u)asech 3. b(u)asai b(u)asen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. b(u)asid ======== ================================ * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ----------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------------- 1. b(ydd)wy(f) bo+m,byddom [1] 2. by(dde)ch b(ydd)och 3. b(ydd)o bo+n(t),byddon(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------------- impers. bydder ======== ====================================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------------- 1. bawn,byddwn baem,byddem [1] 2. bait,byddit baech,byddech 3. b(ydd)ai baen(t),bydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------------- impers. byddid ======== ====================================== * Imperative Mood -------- ---------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ----------------- 1. [3] byddwn 2. bydd byddwch 3. bid,boed,bydded bydden(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ----------------- impers. bydder ======== ================================== C.3.2. The Verb "adnabod" ("nabod") ................................... Colloquially, any of the forms that begin "adn" can appear with the "ad" missing. * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- ------------------ -------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ------------------ -------------------- 1. adw(a)en adwaenon,adwaenwn 2. adwaenost,adweini adwaenoch,adwaenwch 3. adw(a)en,edwyn adwaenan(t) [2] -------- ------------------ -------------------- impers. adwaenir,adweinir ======== ======================================= * Future Tense -------- ---------------- ------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ------------------- 1. adnabydda(f) adnabyddwn 2. adnabyddi adnabyddwch 3. adnebydd adnabyddan(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ------------------- impers. adnabyddir ======== ==================================== * Imperfect Tense -------- ---------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ----------------- 1. adwaenwn adwaenem [1] 2. adwaenit adwaenech 3. adwaenai adwaenen(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ----------------- impers. adwaenid,adweinid ======== ================================== * Past Tense -------- ---------------- ----------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ----------------------------- 1. adnabu+m adnabuom [1] 2. adnabuost adnabuoch 3. adnabu adnabuan(t),adnabuon(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ----------------------------- impers. adnabuwyd ======== ============================================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- ---------------- ------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ---------------- ------------------- 1. adnabuaswn adnabuasem [1] 2. adnabuasit adnabuasech 3. adnabuasai adnabuasen(t) [2] -------- ---------------- ------------------- impers. adnabuasid ======== ==================================== * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- ------------------------- ------------------------------ **Singular** **Plural** -------- ------------------------- ------------------------------ 1. adnapwy(f),adnabyddwy(f) adnapom,adnabyddom [1] 2. adnepych,adnabyddych adnapoch,adnabyddoch 3. adnapo,adnabyddo adnapon(t),adnabyddon(t) [2] -------- ------------------------- ------------------------------ impers. adnaper,adnabydder ======== ======================================================== * Imperfect Tense ------- ------------------- -------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** ------- ------------------- -------------------------- 1. adnapwn,adnabyddwn, adnapem,adnabyddem, adwaenwn adwaenem [1] ------- ------------------- -------------------------- 2. adnepit,adnabyddit, adnapech,adnabyddech, adwaenit adwaenech ------- ------------------- -------------------------- 3. adnapai,adnabyddai, adnapen(t),adnabydden(t), adwaenai adwaenen(t) [2] ------- ------------------- -------------------------- impers. adnapid,adnabyddid,adwaenid ======= ============================================== * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- ------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ------------------- 1. [3] adnabyddwn 2. adnebydd adnabyddwch 3. adnabydded adnabydden(t) [2] -------- -------------- ------------------- impers. adnabydder ======== ================================== C.3.3. The Verb "gwybod" ........................ See Section C.2.7. C.3.4. The Verb "dod" ..................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ----------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------------- 1. deua(f),do(f) deuwn,down 2. deui,doi de(u)wch,dowch 3. daw,de+l deuan(t),do+n(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------------- impers. deuir,doir ======== ====================================== * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ---------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ---------------------- 1. deuwn,down deuem,doem [1] 2. deuit,doit deuech,doech 3. deuai,do+i deuen(t),doen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ---------------------- impers. deuid,doid ======== ===================================== * Past Tense -------- -------------- --------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- --------------------------- 1. deuthum,des daethom [1] 2. daethost,dest daethoch 3. daeth,doeth* daethan(t),daethon(t) [2] -------- -------------- --------------------------- impers. daethpwyd,deuwyd,doed,dowd ======== ========================================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. daethwn daethem [1] 2. daethit daethech 3. daethai daethen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. daethid ======== ================================ * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. delwy(f) delom [1] 2. delych deloch 3. de+l,delo delon(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. deler ======== ================================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. delwn delem [1] 2. delit delech 3. delai delen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. delid ======== ================================ * Imperative Mood -------- ----------------- ------------------------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ----------------- ------------------------------- 1. [3] deuwn,down 2. tyr(e)d,dere [A] de(u)wch,dowch 3. deued,doed,deled deuen(t),doen(t),delen(t) [2] -------- ----------------- ------------------------------- impers. deuer,doer,deler ======== ================================================= [A] "Dere" is from the S. Wales dialect. C.3.5. The Verb "mynd" ...................... See Section C.2.6. C.3.6. The Verb "cael" ...................... * Indicative Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. ca(f) cawn 2. cei cewch 3. caiff ca+n(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. cair,ceir ======== ================================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. cawn caem [1] 2. cait caech 3. ca+i caen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. caid,ceid ======== ================================ * Past Tense -------- ------------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- ------------------- ----------------- 1. c(ef)ais,c(ef)es cawsom [1] 2. c(ef)aist,c(ef)est cawsoch 3. ca(fo)dd,ca(fa)s cawsan(t) [2] -------- ------------------- ----------------- impers. ca(e)d,cafwyd ======== ===================================== * Pluperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. cawswn cawsem [1] 2. cawsit cawsech 3. cawsai cawsen(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. cawsid ======== ================================ * Subjunctive Mood * Present Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. caffwy(f) caffom [1] 2. ceffych caffoch 3. caffo caffon(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. caffer ======== ================================ * Imperfect Tense -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. ca(ff)wn ca(ff)em [1] 2. ca(ff)it ca(ff)ech 3. caffai,ca+i ca(ff)en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. ceffid ======== ================================ * Imperative Mood -------- -------------- ----------------- **Singular** **Plural** -------- -------------- ----------------- 1. [3] [3] 2. [3] [3] 3. ca(ff)ed ca(ff)en(t) [2] -------- -------------- ----------------- impers. [3] ======== ================================ C.4. Endings for Adjectives --------------------------- The adjectival endings are as follows: Equative: -ed Comparative: -ach Superlative: -a(f) C.5. Endings for Prepositions ----------------------------- There are two conjugations of regular prepositions. C.5.1. First Conjugation ........................ ---- -------------- ------------ **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- ------------ 1. -a(f) -om [1] ---- -------------- ------------ 2. -at -och ---- -------------- ------------ 3.m. -o -ynt [2] 3.f. -i ==== ============== ============ C.5.2. Second Conjugation ......................... ---- -------------- ------------ **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- ------------ 1. -o(f) -om [1] ---- -------------- ------------ 2. -ot -och ---- -------------- ------------ 3.m. -ddo -ddynt [2] 3.f. -ddi ==== ============== ============ C.6. Irregular Prepositions --------------------------- C.6.1. Gan .......... ---- -------------- -------------- **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- -------------- 1. gen(nyf) gennym [1] ---- -------------- -------------- 2. gennyt gennych ---- -------------- -------------- 3.m. ganddo ganddynt [2] 3.f. ganddi ==== ============== ============== C.6.2. I ........ ---- -------------- ------------ **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- ------------ 1. i(mi) in(ni) ---- -------------- ------------ 2. i(ti) i(ch(w)i) ---- -------------- ------------ 3.m. iddo iddynt [2] 3.f. iddi ==== ============== ============ C.6.3. O ........ ---- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- ------------- 1. ohono(f) ohonom [1] ---- -------------- ------------- 2. ohonot ohonoch ---- -------------- ------------- 3.m. ohono ohonynt [2] 3.f. ohoni ==== ============== ============= C.6.4. Tros/Dros ................ ---- -------------- -------------- **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- -------------- 1. troso(f) trosom [1] ---- -------------- -------------- 2. trosot trosoch ---- -------------- -------------- 3.m. trosto trostynt [2] 3.f. trosti ==== ============== ============== C.6.5. Trwy/Drwy ................ ---- -------------- --------------- **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- --------------- 1. trwo(f) trwom [1] ---- -------------- --------------- 2. trwot trwoch ---- -------------- --------------- 3.m. trwyddo trwyddynt [2] 3.f. trwyddi ==== ============== =============== C.6.6. Wrth ........... ---- -------------- ------------- **Singular** **Plural** ---- -------------- ------------- 1. wrthy(f) wrthym [1] ---- -------------- ------------- 2. wrthyt wrthych ---- -------------- ------------- 3.m. wrtho wrthynt [2] 3.f. wrthi ==== ============== ============= Footnotes C ----------- [1] Colloquially, the "m" in this ending is changed to "n". [2] The "t" is dropped if the pronoun is "nhw" (as opposed to the literary form "hwy").