Here is the setext version of this appendix.

Appendix C. Conjugational Endings and Irregular Forms

Revision 1.17 of this page, last updated on 2003/02/17.
(C)opyright 1994-2003 Mark H. Nodine

C.1. Introduction

This appendix gives the endings for the conjugations of regular verbs, including all those that are referenced in the lexicons. It also gives the full conjugations for irregular verbs. For those sets of endings that are also complete verbs in their own rights, they appear in Section C.2. Most of this information comes from [Williams80] and [Klingebiel94].

For an alphabetical listing of endings and irregular verb forms, see Appendix F.

C.2. Endings for Verbs

C.2.1. The Normal Endings

Some verbs with normal endings have two stems listed, one for monosyllabic endings (designated "&1") and one for polysyllabic endings (designated "&2+"). All endings are monosyllabic except those explicitly indicated below.

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	a(f) i ith,iff,a [A]	wn,%wn [B] wch,%wch [B] an(t) [2]
impers.	ir,%ir [B]

[A]: "-iff" and "-ith" are dialectic.
"-a" is pretty much always acceptable, though there may be preferred forms which are noted in the lexicons.
[B]: The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e".

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wn,%wn [A] it,%it [A] ai	em [1] ech en(t) [2]
impers.	id,%id [A]

[A]: The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e".

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	ais,es [A] aist,est [A] odd	((a)s)om [1] ((a)s)och ((a)s)an(t) [2]
impers.	wyd

[A]: "-es" and "-est" are colloquial.
Note: The endings "asom", "asoch", and "asan(t)" are polysyllabic.
Note: The endings "som", "soch", and "san(t)" are only used with the verb "gweld" and its compounds.

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	aswn asit asai	asem [1] asech asen(t) [2]
impers.	asid,esid

Note: All these endings are polysyllabic.
Note: All these endings omit the "a" when used with the verb "gweld" and its compounds.

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wy(f) ych o	om [1] och on(t) [2]
impers.	er

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wn,%wn [A] it,%it [A] ai	em [1] ech en(t) [2]
impers.	id,%id [A]

[A]: The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e".

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] a [A] ed	wn,%wn [B] wch,%wch [B] en(t) [2]
impers.	er

[A]: "-a" is correct except where noted in the lexicons.
[B]: The "%" at the beginning of an ending means that these endings place a diaeresis above the preceding vowel. This diaeresis occurs if the verb stem ends with an "e".

Verbal Adjectives

adwy	~able
edig	having been ~ed

Note: Both of these endings are polysyllabic.

C.2.2. The Contracted Endings

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	(f) i -	wn wch +n(t) [2]
impers.	ir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wn it +i	em [1] ech en(t) [2]
impers.	id

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	is ist odd,es	esom [1] esoch esan(t) [2]
impers.	wyd,ed

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	eswn esit esai	esem [1] esech esen(t) [2]
impers.	esid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wy(f) ech -	+m [1] och +n(t) [2]
impers.	er

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	wn it +i	em [1] ech en(t) [2]
impers.	id

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] - ed	wn wch en(t) [2]
impers.	er

Verbal Adjectives

adwy	~able
edig	having been ~ed

C.2.3. The "-hau" Endings

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	ha(f) hei ha	hawn hewch ha+n(t) [2]
impers.	heir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	hawn hait ha+i	haem [1] haech haen(t) [2]
impers.	heid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	heais heaist haodd	hasom [1] hasoch hasan(t) [2]
impers.	hawyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	haswn hasit hasai	hasem [1] hasech hasen(t) [2]
impers.	hasid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	hawy(f) heych hao	haom [1] haoch haon(t) [2]
impers.	haer

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	hawn hait ha+i	haem [1] haech haen(t) [2]
impers.	heid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] ha haed	hawn hewch haen(t) [2]
impers.	haer

Verbal Adjective

haol

~able

C.2.4. The "-a/u" Endings

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	a+(f) e/i a/	a/wn e/wch a+n(t) [2]
impers.	e/ir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	a/wn a/it a+i	a/em [1] a/ech a/en(t) [2]
impers.	e/id

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	eais eaist aodd	asom [1] asoch asan(t) [2]
impers.	a/wyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	aswn asit asai	asem [1] asech asen(t) [2]
impers.	asid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	awy(f) eych ao	aom [1] aoch aon(t) [2]
impers.	aer

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	a/wn a/it a+i	a/em [1] a/ech a/en(t) [2]
impers.	e/id

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] a/ a/ed	a/wn e/wch a/en(t) [2]
impers.	a/er

Verbal Adjective

a/ol

~able

C.2.5. The "-bod" and "-fod" Endings

The only difference between the "-bod" and the "-fod" endings is that the latter begin with an "f" instead of a "b". Only the "-bod" forms are given.

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	bydda(f) byddi bydd	byddwn byddwch byddan(t) [2]
impers.	byddir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	byddwn byddit byddai	byddem [1] byddech bydden(t) [2]
impers.	byddid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	bu+m buost bu	buom [1] buoch buan(t) [2]
impers.	buwyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	buaswn buasit buasai	buasem [1] buasech buasen(t) [2]
impers.	buasid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	byddwy(f) byddych byddo	byddom [1] byddoch byddon(t) [2]
impers.	bydder

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	byddwn byddit byddai	byddem [1] byddech bydden(t) [2]
impers.	byddid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] bydd bydded	byddwn byddwch bydden(t) [2]
impers.	bydder

C.2.6. The "mynd" Endings (and the Verb "mynd")

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	a(f) ei a+,aiff,eith [A]	awn ewch a+n(t) [2]
impers.	eir

[A]: "Aiff" and "eith" are colloquial forms.

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	awn ait a+i	aem [1] aech aen(t) [2]
impers.	eid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	euthum,es [A] aethost,est [A] aeth	aethom [1] aethoch aethan(t) [2]
impers.	ae(thpwy)d

[A]: "Es" and "est" are colloquial forms.

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	aethwn,elswn aethit,elsit aethai,elsai	aethem,elsem [1] aethech,elsech aethen(t),elsen(t) [2]
impers.	aethid,elsid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	elwy(f) elych e+l,elo	elom [1] eloch elon(t) [2]
impers.	eler

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	elwn elit elai	elem [1] elech elen(t) [2]
impers.	elid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] dos,cer(a),cere; -a [A] aed,eled	awn cerwch,ewch; -ewch [B] aen(t),elen(t) [2]
impers.	aer,eler

[A]: "Cer", "cera", and "cere" are from the S. Wales dialect. When "mynd" is used as a set of endings, "-a" is correct.
[B]: When "mynd" is used as a set of endings, "-ewch" is correct.

C.2.7. The "gwybod" Endings (and the Verb "gwybod")

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwn gwyddost gw+yr	gwyddom [1] gwyddoch gwyddan(t) [2]
impers.	gwyddys,gwy+s

Future Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwybydda(f) gwybyddi gwybydd	gwybyddwn gwybyddwch gwybyddan(t) [2]
impers.	gwybyddir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwyddwn gwyddit gwyddai	gwyddem [1] gwyddech gwydden(t) [2]
impers.	gwyddid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwybu+m gwybuost gwybu	gwybuom [1] gwybuoch gwyban(t),gwybon(t) [2]
impers.	gwybuwyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwybuaswn gwybuasit gwybuasai	gwybuasem [1] gwybuasech gwybuasen(t) [2]
impers.	gwybuasid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwypwy(f),gwybyddwy(f) gwypych,gwybyddych gwypo,gwybyddo	gwypom,gwybyddom [1] gwypoch,gwybyddoch gwypon(t),gwybyddon(t) [2]
impers.	gwyper,gwybydder

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	gwypwn,gwybyddwn gwypit,gwybyddit gwypai,gwybyddai	gwypem,gwybyddem [1] gwypech,gwybyddech gwypen(t),gwybydden(t) [2]
impers.	gwypid,gwybyddid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] gwybydd gwyped,gwybydded	gwybyddwn gwybyddwch gwypen(t),gwybydden(t) [2]
impers.	gwybydder

C.3. Irregular Verbs

C.3.1. The Verb "bod"

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	(yd)w(yf) (yd)wyt oes,mae,(yd)yw,ydy	ydym,y+m [1] (yd)ych,(yd)ach maen(t),(yd)yn(t) [2]
impers.	[3]

Future and Consuetudinal Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	bydda(f) byddi bydd	byddwn byddwch byddan(t) [2]
impers.	byddir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	oeddwn,o+n oeddit (yd)oedd	oeddem [1] oeddech oedden(t) [2]
impers.	oeddid

Consuetudinal Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	byddwn byddit byddai	byddem [1] byddech bydden(t) [2]
impers.	byddid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	bu+m,bues,buais buost,buest bu(odd)	buom [1] buoch buon(t) [2]
impers.	buwyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	b(u)aswn b(u)asit b(u)asai	b(u)asem [1] b(u)asech b(u)asen(t) [2]
impers.	b(u)asid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	b(ydd)wy(f) by(dde)ch b(ydd)o	bo+m,byddom [1] b(ydd)och bo+n(t),byddon(t) [2]
impers.	bydder

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	bawn,byddwn bait,byddit b(ydd)ai	baem,byddem [1] baech,byddech baen(t),bydden(t) [2]
impers.	byddid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] bydd bid,boed,bydded	byddwn byddwch bydden(t) [2]
impers.	bydder

C.3.2. The Verb "adnabod" ("nabod")

Colloquially, any of the forms that begin "adn" can appear with the "ad" missing.

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adw(a)en adwaenost,adweini adw(a)en,edwyn	adwaenon,adwaenwn adwaenoch,adwaenwch adwaenan(t) [2]
impers.	adwaenir,adweinir

Future Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adnabydda(f) adnabyddi adnebydd	adnabyddwn adnabyddwch adnabyddan(t) [2]
impers.	adnabyddir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adwaenwn adwaenit adwaenai	adwaenem [1] adwaenech adwaenen(t) [2]
impers.	adwaenid,adweinid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adnabu+m adnabuost adnabu	adnabuom [1] adnabuoch adnabuan(t),adnabuon(t) [2]
impers.	adnabuwyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adnabuaswn adnabuasit adnabuasai	adnabuasem [1] adnabuasech adnabuasen(t) [2]
impers.	adnabuasid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	adnapwy(f),adnabyddwy(f) adnepych,adnabyddych adnapo,adnabyddo	adnapom,adnabyddom [1] adnapoch,adnabyddoch adnapon(t),adnabyddon(t) [2]
impers.	adnaper,adnabydder

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1.	adnapwn,adnabyddwn, adwaenwn	adnapem,adnabyddem, adwaenem [1]
2.	adnepit,adnabyddit, adwaenit	adnapech,adnabyddech, adwaenech
3.	adnapai,adnabyddai, adwaenai	adnapen(t),adnabydden(t), adwaenen(t) [2]
impers.	adnapid,adnabyddid,adwaenid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] adnebydd adnabydded	adnabyddwn adnabyddwch adnabydden(t) [2]
impers.	adnabydder

C.3.3. The Verb "gwybod"

See Section C.2.7.

C.3.4. The Verb "dod"

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	deua(f),do(f) deui,doi daw,de+l	deuwn,down de(u)wch,dowch deuan(t),do+n(t) [2]
impers.	deuir,doir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	deuwn,down deuit,doit deuai,do+i	deuem,doem [1] deuech,doech deuen(t),doen(t) [2]
impers.	deuid,doid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	deuthum,des daethost,dest daeth,doeth*	daethom [1] daethoch daethan(t),daethon(t) [2]
impers.	daethpwyd,deuwyd,doed,dowd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	daethwn daethit daethai	daethem [1] daethech daethen(t) [2]
impers.	daethid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	delwy(f) delych de+l,delo	delom [1] deloch delon(t) [2]
impers.	deler

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	delwn delit delai	delem [1] delech delen(t) [2]
impers.	delid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] tyr(e)d,dere [A] deued,doed,deled	deuwn,down de(u)wch,dowch deuen(t),doen(t),delen(t) [2]
impers.	deuer,doer,deler

[A]: "Dere" is from the S. Wales dialect.

C.3.5. The Verb "mynd"

See Section C.2.6.

C.3.6. The Verb "cael"

Indicative Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	ca(f) cei caiff	cawn cewch ca+n(t) [2]
impers.	cair,ceir

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	cawn cait ca+i	caem [1] caech caen(t) [2]
impers.	caid,ceid

Past Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	c(ef)ais,c(ef)es c(ef)aist,c(ef)est ca(fo)dd,ca(fa)s	cawsom [1] cawsoch cawsan(t) [2]
impers.	ca(e)d,cafwyd

Pluperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	cawswn cawsit cawsai	cawsem [1] cawsech cawsen(t) [2]
impers.	cawsid

Subjunctive Mood
- Present Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	caffwy(f) ceffych caffo	caffom [1] caffoch caffon(t) [2]
impers.	caffer

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	ca(ff)wn ca(ff)it caffai,ca+i	ca(ff)em [1] ca(ff)ech ca(ff)en(t) [2]
impers.	ceffid

Imperative Mood

	Singular	Plural
1. 2. 3.	[3] [3] ca(ff)ed	[3] [3] ca(ff)en(t) [2]
impers.	[3]

C.4. Endings for Adjectives

The adjectival endings are as follows:

Equative: -ed
Comparative: -ach
Superlative: -a(f)

C.5. Endings for Prepositions

There are two conjugations of regular prepositions.

C.5.1. First Conjugation

	Singular	Plural
1.	-a(f)	-om [1]
2.	-at	-och
3.m. 3.f.	-o -i	-ynt [2]

C.5.2. Second Conjugation

	Singular	Plural
1.	-o(f)	-om [1]
2.	-ot	-och
3.m. 3.f.	-ddo -ddi	-ddynt [2]

C.6. Irregular Prepositions

C.6.1. Gan

	Singular	Plural
1.	gen(nyf)	gennym [1]
2.	gennyt	gennych
3.m. 3.f.	ganddo ganddi	ganddynt [2]

C.6.2. I

	Singular	Plural
1.	i(mi)	in(ni)
2.	i(ti)	i(ch(w)i)
3.m. 3.f.	iddo iddi	iddynt [2]

C.6.3. O

	Singular	Plural
1.	ohono(f)	ohonom [1]
2.	ohonot	ohonoch
3.m. 3.f.	ohono ohoni	ohonynt [2]

C.6.4. Tros/Dros

	Singular	Plural
1.	troso(f)	trosom [1]
2.	trosot	trosoch
3.m. 3.f.	trosto trosti	trostynt [2]

C.6.5. Trwy/Drwy

	Singular	Plural
1.	trwo(f)	trwom [1]
2.	trwot	trwoch
3.m. 3.f.	trwyddo trwyddi	trwyddynt [2]

C.6.6. Wrth

	Singular	Plural
1.	wrthy(f)	wrthym [1]
2.	wrthyt	wrthych
3.m. 3.f.	wrtho wrthi	wrthynt [2]

Footnotes C

[1]: Colloquially, the "m" in this ending is changed to "n".
[2]: The "t" is dropped if the pronoun is "nhw" (as opposed to the literary form "hwy").
[3]: This form does not exist.

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Comment

Mark.Nodine@mot.com -- Mark H Nodine,visitor

14 June 2003 at 23:33:43