Lesson 5. There are Many Things in this Lesson

<HEAD> <LINK rel="STYLESHEET" href="./main.css" type="text/css"> <TITLE>Lesson 5. There are Many Things in this Lesson</TITLE>  </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR=white> <P> Here is the <A HREF="Lesson05.etx">setext</A> version of this lesson. <P> <H1><A NAME="Lesson 5. There are Many Things in this Lesson">Lesson 5. There are Many Things in this Lesson</A></H1> <DIV CLASS=TOC><B>Contents:</B><UL> <LI><A HREF="#5.1. How to Say You are Happy">5.1. How to Say You are Happy</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.2. How to Say Something is Too Hot or So Hot">5.2. How to Say Something is "Too Hot" or "So Hot"</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.3. How to Say There is/are">5.3. How to Say "There is/are"</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.4. How to Say It">5.4. How to Say "It"</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.5. Soft Mutation after i">5.5. Soft Mutation after "i"</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.6. How to Say Many Things">5.6. How to Say "Many Things"</A> <LI><A HREF="#5.7. Future Using Mynd">5.7. Future Using "Mynd"</A> <LI><A HREF="#Ymarfer 5">Ymarfer 5</A> <LI><A HREF="#Sgwrs 5">Sgwrs 5</A> <LI><A HREF="#Geirfa 5">Geirfa 5</A> <LI><A HREF="#Exercises 5">Exercises 5</A> <LI><A HREF="#Footnotes 5 (for the terminally curious)">Footnotes 5 (for the terminally curious)</A></UL> </DIV><HR> <DIV CLASS="revision"><CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1><P> <A HREF="ChangeLogFiles.html#Lesson 5. There are Many Things in this Lesson">Revision 1.13</A> of this page, last updated on <A HREF="ChangeLogDate.html#2003/02/17">2003/02/17</A>. <BR> (C)opyright 1994-2003 Mark H. Nodine </FONT></CENTER></DIV><P> <H2><A NAME="5.1. How to Say You are Happy">5.1. How to Say You are Happy</A></H2> <P> We will take it on faith that you actually <EM>are</EM> happy, and need to express that fact. Back in <A HREF="./Lesson03.html#3.2. How to say I am reading">Section 3.2</A>, we learned that we could express the present tense of a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#verb">verb</A> by using "bod" as a helping verb together with "yn", as in <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae Tom yn siopa.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Tom is shopping. </TABLE></DL> <P> But what if we want to describe what Tom <EM>is</EM> rather than what he <EM>does</EM>? To do that, we can place either an <A HREF="./Glossary.html#adjective">adjective</A> or a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#noun">noun</A> in place of the verb in the above construction: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae Tom yn hapus.<BR> Mae Tom yn helpwr.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Tom is happy.<BR> Tom is a helper. </TABLE></DL> <P> There is one critical difference between these two constructions and the one with the verb: any adjective or noun used after "yn" suffers from the <A HREF="./AppendixA.html#limited soft mutation">limited soft mutation</A> (i.e., "ll" and "rh" do not mutate): <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae Tom yn bell.<BR> Mae Tom yn blismon.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Tom is distant.<BR> Tom is a policeman. </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Exception">Exception</A></I><DD>The word "braf" ("fine") is not mutated in this (or any other) context (as mentioned in <A HREF="./Lesson04.html#4.6. Adjectives with Feminine Nouns">Section 4.6</A>). Thus, we have </DL> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'r tywydd yn braf.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> The weather is fine. </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Notes">Notes</A></I><DD> </DL> <OL> <LI>This construct is known grammatically as a <I><A NAME="predicate adjective">predicate adjective</A></I> or a <I><A NAME="predicate noun">predicate noun</A></I>. <P> <LI>The word "bell" looks like an English word, but the pronunciation is quite different! </OL> <H2><A NAME="5.2. How to Say Something is Too Hot or So Hot">5.2. How to Say Something is "Too Hot" or "So Hot"</A></H2> <P> We learned in the previous section how to say that the kettle is hot (except for vocabulary). To say that something is too something, you insert the word "<I><A NAME="rhy">rhy</A></I>" between the "yn" and the adjective: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'r tegell yn boeth.<BR> Mae'r tegell yn rhy boeth.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> The kettle is hot.<BR> The kettle is too hot. </TABLE></DL> <P> The English word "so" becomes "<I><A NAME="mor">mor</A></I>" and completely replaces the "yn": <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'r ferch yn garedig.<BR> Mae'r ferch mor garedig.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> The girl is kind.<BR> The girl is so kind. </TABLE></DL> <P> Like "yn", both "mor" and "rhy" cause a <A HREF="./AppendixA.html#limited soft mutation">limited soft mutation</A>. <P> <H2><A NAME="5.3. How to Say There is/are">5.3. How to Say "There is/are"</A></H2> <P> So far, we have stuck with sentences where the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#subject">subject</A> is definite, in other words, it is either a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#noun">noun</A> with the <A HREF="./Lesson03.html#3.1. How to say a and the">definite article</A> or a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#proper noun">proper noun</A>. However, a sentence may have an indefinite subject (like this sentence). There are many examples of sentences that fall into this category (like this sentence, or the title of this chapter). You might be tempted to think that a subject is a subject, and you should just go ahead and use it with "mae", just as you would do with a definite subject. For example, you might try to extend from <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'r bobl yn dod.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> The people are coming. </TABLE></DL> <P> to <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae pobl yn dod.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> People are coming. </TABLE></DL> <P> You would be correct (congratulations!). What you might not expect is that the latter sentence can also be translated "There are people coming." Likewise, <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'r dyn yma.<BR> Mae dyn yma!<TD ALIGN=LEFT> The man is here.<BR> There is a man here! </TABLE></DL> <P> However, the biggest differences between a definite subject and an indefinite one come either when you want to ask a question (or answer it), or when you want to say there isn't something. <P> To ask a question, the verb form to use is "oes" rather than "ydy": <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ydy'r tegell yn y gegin?<BR> Oes tegell yn y gegin?<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Is the kettle in the kitchen?<BR> Is there a kettle in the kitchen? </TABLE></DL> <P> To say there is not something, you use "does dim" <A HREF="#[1]">[1]</A>: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Does dim lle i eistedd.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> There is no place to sit. </TABLE></DL> <P> The answer to questions starting with "oes" is "oes" (yes-there-is) or "nag oes" (no-there-is-not) <A HREF="#[2]">[2]</A>. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Oes gwely yn y gegin?<BR> Oes gwely yn yr ardd?<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Nag oes. Does dim gwely yn y gegin.<BR> Oes. (Gwely blodau - a flower bed) </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="5.4. How to Say It">5.4. How to Say "It"</A></H2> <P> As mentioned back in <A HREF="./Lesson04.html#4.3. Agreement of Pronouns">Section 4.3</A>, when you need to pick a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#pronoun">pronoun</A> to refer back to a previously-mentioned <A HREF="./Glossary.html#noun">noun</A>, you need for it to agree in <A HREF="./Glossary.html#gender">gender</A> and <A HREF="./Glossary.html#number">number</A> with that noun. Since all nouns are either masculine or feminine, if the noun is singular, you wind up using either "e" or "hi". But what do you do if you need to say "it" and there isn't a noun to refer back to? Do you use "e"? Do you use "hi"? (Or do you rephrase your sentence to avoid using either?) Well, why don't we just flip a coin to decide between "e" and "hi"? Here goes ... it's <EM>tails</EM>. I guess we'll use "hi" in that situation: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae hi'n braf heddiw.<BR> Mae hi'n bwrw glaw.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> It's fine today.<BR> It's raining. </TABLE></DL> <P> Notice that if the noun is explicit, you still use the appropriate pronoun: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Sut mae'r tywydd?<BR> How is the weather?<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae e'n braf.<BR> It (he)'s fine. </TABLE></DL> <P> It is also common to leave out the pronoun completely: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae'n iawn.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> It's all right. </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="5.5. Soft Mutation after i">5.5. Soft Mutation after "i"</A></H2> <P> The <A HREF="./Glossary.html#preposition">preposition</A> "i" ("to") causes a <I><A NAME="contact mutation">contact mutation</A></I>. No, this is not related to corrective lenses that change your eye colo(u)r. A contact mutation means that a word causes the next word, whatever it is, to mutate. The <A HREF="./AppendixA.html#A.2. Soft Mutation">soft mutation</A> is the particular mutation "i" causes: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> i Bwlleli<BR> i Gaerdydd<TD ALIGN=LEFT> to Pwlleli<BR> to Caerdydd (Cardiff) </TABLE></DL> <P> The range of a contact mutation is only a single word, so it's more like hitting the "shift" key than the "caps lock". This range contrasts with that of the functional mutation caused by feminine nouns, which can propagate considerably: e.g., "y fasged bicnic goch fawr", "the large red picnic basket". <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Exception">Exception</A></I><DD>Peoples' names are not mutated by contact mutations. Thus, you would say "i Tom". Also, non-Welsh place names are generally not mutated, so you "mynd i Paris" <A HREF="#[3]">[3]</A>. </DL> <H2><A NAME="5.6. How to Say Many Things">5.6. How to Say "Many Things"</A></H2> <P> There are many times when you need to say "many something". The Welsh word for "many" is <I><A NAME="llawer">llawer</A></I>. It is used with the preposition "o" (which causes a soft <A HREF="#contact mutation">contact mutation</A>) followed by the plural of the noun. For example, <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> llawer o bethau<BR> llawer o afalau<TD ALIGN=LEFT> many things<BR> many apples </TABLE></DL> <P> Other words that are used in this context are <I><A NAME="ychydig">ychydig</A></I> ("(a) few"), <I><A NAME="digon">digon</A></I> ("enough", "plenty"), <I><A NAME="gormod">gormod</A></I> ("too much"), <I><A NAME="rhagor">rhagor</A></I> ("more") and <I><A NAME="nifer">nifer</A></I> ("a number") <A HREF="#[4]">[4]</A>. Numbers can also be used in this way, especially large numbers and special numbers like "dwsin" ("dozen"). Finally, words that indicate a measured quantity take this construction, like "paned" (cupful) and "llwyed" (spoonful). <P> Since all of these subjects are indefinite, they can be combined with the ideas from <A HREF="#5.3. How to Say There is/are">Section 5.3</A>: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Oes digon o afalau yn y fasged? Oes. </TABLE></DL> <P> Thus, to say "There are Many Things in this Lesson", you write <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae llawer o bethau yn y wers 'ma. </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Note">Note</A></I><DD>This construction is known as the <I><A NAME="partitive genitive">partitive genitive</A></I> in many languages. </DL> <H2><A NAME="5.7. Future Using Mynd">5.7. Future Using "Mynd"</A></H2> <P> In Welsh, "<I><A NAME="mynd">mynd</A></I>" means "go". There is one place that all of us are constantly going, and that is to the future, so I guess it's appropriate that future action can be expressed using "mynd". We can actually say the same thing in English: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Rydw i'n mynd i aros yma.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> I am going to stay here. </TABLE></DL> <P> As before, the preposition "i" causes a soft <A HREF="#contact mutation">contact mutation</A> on the word that follows it. <H2><A NAME="Ymarfer 5">Ymarfer 5</A></H2> <P> 1. Adjectives in the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#predicate">predicate</A>. Practice making sentences by choosing a line from each column. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=2 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae Tom yn<BR> Wyt ti'n<BR> Dydyn nhw ddim yn<BR> Rydyn ni'n<BR> Mae'r ferch yn<BR> Ydy'r plismon yn<TD ALIGN=LEFT> goch<BR> hapus<BR> iawn<BR> boeth<BR> sa+l<BR> wan<TD ALIGN=LEFT> .<BR> ? </TABLE></DL> <P> 2. Fit the words below into the pattern "Ydy'r A yn B? Ydy, mae e/hi'n rhy B." <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=2 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <TH ALIGN=CENTER> A<TH ALIGN=CENTER> B <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> tywydd<BR> basged<BR> dyn<BR> gardd<BR> merch<TD ALIGN=LEFT> poeth<BR> bach<BR> pell<BR> mawr<BR> oer </TABLE></DL> <P> 3. Repeat exercise 2 using the pattern "Ydy'r A yn B? Ydy, mae e/hi mor B." <P> 4. Say "You are going to X, but I am coming from X". <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<BR> f.<BR> g.<BR> h.<BR> i.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Llanelli. Rwyt ti'n mynd i Lanelli, ond rydw i'n dod o Lanelli.<BR> Porthmadog.<BR> Rhydychen (Oxford).<BR> Bangor.<BR> Caerdydd (Cardiff).<BR> Abertawe (Swansea).<BR> Betws-y-Coed.<BR> Pentre Ifan.<BR> Tre'r Ceiri. </TABLE></DL> <P> 5. Make up patterns from the following table. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=2 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Oes<TD ALIGN=LEFT> ychydig o<BR> digon o<BR> nifer o<BR> llawer o<BR> dwsin o<BR> rhagor o<TD ALIGN=LEFT> afalau<BR> fasgedi<BR> bobl<BR> degellau<BR> blant<BR> lyfrau<TD ALIGN=LEFT> yma? Oes, mae gormod o<TD ALIGN=LEFT> afalau<BR> fasgedi<BR> bobl<BR> degellau<BR> blant<BR> lyfrau<TD ALIGN=LEFT> yma. </TABLE></DL> <H2><A NAME="Sgwrs 5">Sgwrs 5</A></H2> <P> [A <A HREF="Conversation05.html#Conversation for Lesson 5">translation</A> of this conversation can be found in a different file.] <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Mae'r tywydd yn braf heddiw, ar o+l y storm fawr neithiwr. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Ydy. Mae'n fendigedig. Dydy hi ddim yn rhy boeth, nac yn rhy oer. Dydy hi ddim yn mynd i fwrw glaw heno, chwaith. I ble rydyn ni'n mynd? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Mae gwersi yn mynd i ddechrau cyn bo hir. Rydw i eisiau prynu'r llyfrau. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Wel, does dim llawer o siopau yn y dre i brynu llyfrau. Rydw i'n ceisio meddwl beth i brynu i Nerys. Ydy hi'n hoffi blodau? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Nag ydy. Maen nhw'n hardd, ond mae hi'n dechrau tisian pan mae hi gyda nhw. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>O. Ydy hi'n hoffi caws Caerffili? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Ydy, yn wir. Dydy hi ddim yn bosib i gael gormod o gaws i Nerys. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Mae e'n syniad da, 'te. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Ydy. Mae caffe ar y ffordd. Ydych chi eisiau cael 'paned o de? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>O'r gorau. Mae te yn beth da yn y pnawn. Oes lle i eistedd yma? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Oes, mae llawer o lefydd i eistedd. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Bendigedig. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>Ydych chi eisiau rhywbeth yn y te? Ychydig o laeth? Siwgr? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Llwyed o siwgr, os gwelwch yn dda. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Alun">Alun</A></I><DD>O'r gorau. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Elwyn">Elwyn</A></I><DD>Diolch. </DL> <H2><A NAME="Geirfa 5">Geirfa 5</A></H2> <P> afal [-au, m.] - apple <BR> ar - (prep.) on <BR> bendigedig - (adj.) wonderful <BR> beth - what <BR> blodyn [blodau, m.] - flower <BR> braf - (adj.) fine <BR> bwrw glaw - (v.) rain <BR> cael - (v.) have, receive, get <BR> caffe [m.] - cafe <BR> caws [m.] - cheese <BR> cegin [-au, f.] - kitchen <BR> ceisio - (v.) try <BR> coch - (adj.) red <BR> cyn bo hir - (adv.) soon <BR> chwaith - (adv.) either, neither <BR> dechrau - (v.) begin <BR> digon - (adj.) enough, plenty <BR> diolch [m.] - thanks <BR> dwsin [-au, m.] - dozen <BR> eistedd - (v.) sit <BR> ffordd [ffyrdd, f.] - way, street <BR> gormod - too much, too many <BR> gwan - (adj.) weak <BR> gwers [-i, f.] - lesson <BR> hapus - (adj.) happy <BR> hardd - (adj.) beautiful, handsome <BR> helpwr [helpwyr, m.] - helper <BR> heno - (adv.) this evening, tonight <BR> hoffi - (v.) like <BR> llaeth [m.] - milk <A HREF="#[5]">[5]</A> <BR> llawer - much, many <BR> lle [-fydd, m.] - place <BR> llwyed [llwyeidiau, f.] - spoonful <A HREF="#[6]">[6]</A> <BR> mor - (adv.) so <BR> na, nac - (conj.) nor <BR> nifer [-oedd, m.] - number <BR> o'r gorau - OK <BR> oer - (adj.) cold <BR> ond - (conj.) but <BR> os gwelwch yn dda - please <BR> pan - (conj.) when <BR> 'paned ['paneidiau, mf.] - cupful <A HREF="#[7]">[7]</A> <BR> pell - (adj.) distant, far <BR> picnic [m.] - picnic <BR> plismon [plismyn, m.] - policeman <BR> pnawn [-au, m.] - afternoon <A HREF="#[8]">[8]</A> <BR> poeth - (adj.) hot <BR> posib - (adj.) possible <A HREF="#[9]">[9]</A> <BR> rhagor - (adv.) more <BR> rhy - (adv.) too <BR> rhywbeth [m.] - something <BR> sa+l - (adj.) sick, ill <BR> siop [-au, f.] - shop <BR> siopa - (v.) shop <BR> siwgr [m.] - sugar <BR> storm [-ydd, f.] - storm <BR> sut - how <BR> syniad [-au, m.] - idea <BR> te [m.] - tea <BR> 'te - (adv.) then <BR> tegell [-au, -i, m.] - kettle <BR> tisian - (v.) sneeze <BR> tywydd [m.] - weather <BR> ychydig - few, little <BR> yn wir - (adv.) indeed <H2><A NAME="Exercises 5">Exercises 5</A></H2> <P> [The <A HREF="Answers05.html#Answers for Lesson 5">answers</A> can be found in a separate file.] <P> 1. Translate the following sentences into Welsh. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<BR> <BR> f.<BR> g.<BR> <BR> h.<BR> i.<BR> j.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> This tea is too weak. Is there more tea?<BR> Is there a policeman in the house? Yes. Tom is a policeman.<BR> Are you going to read that book today? No. It isn't possible.<BR> There isn't any milk in the kitchen, but there is too much cheese.<BR> Do you want some milk in the tea? No, but I want a spoonful of<BR> sugar, please.<BR> It is going to rain tonight. There is a big storm coming here soon.<BR> We are going to try to buy a dozen beautiful flowers in town this<BR> afternoon.<BR> There are no people at home. It's so hot in the house.<BR> That cafe is very good. There are lots of helpers there.<BR> It is not possible to see a lion in a kettle. </TABLE></DL> <H2><A NAME="Footnotes 5 (for the terminally curious)">Footnotes 5 (for the terminally curious)</A></H2> <DL COMPACT> <DT><A NAME="[1]">[1]</A><DD>As before, the "d" in "does" comes from the negative particle "nid". <P> <DT><A NAME="[2]">[2]</A><DD>The standard written form of "nag" is "nac". <P> <DT><A NAME="[3]">[3]</A><DD>In speech, there is a tendency to mutate the (non-Welsh) sound "ts" into the (non-Welsh) sound "j". Thus, for "Tseina" (China), you might hear people saying "mynd i Jeina". You will find people who do mutate people's names (except those beginning with "G") and common place names. The best rule is "wen in dowt li+f owt". <P> <DT><A NAME="[4]">[4]</A><DD>You will run across people who use the word "lot" in a partitive genitive, as in "Mae lot o bobl yma". I personally find this usage to be an unnecessary borrowing from English, since Welsh has the perfectly fine word "llawer" to express this thought. <P> <DT><A NAME="[5]">[5]</A><DD>This word means "buttermilk" in N. Wales, where they instead use the word "llefrith" to mean "milk". <P> <DT><A NAME="[6]">[6]</A><DD>The written form of this word is "llwyaid". <P> <DT><A NAME="[7]">[7]</A><DD>This word illustrates the annoying tendency in Welsh to drop syllables from the beginning of a word. It also demonstrates the tendency to change "ai" to "e" in the final syllable of a word. Thus, the dictionary form of this word is "cwpanaid". <P> <DT><A NAME="[8]">[8]</A><DD>The written form of this word is "prynhawn". <P> <DT><A NAME="[9]">[9]</A><DD>The written form of this word is "posibl" . </DL> <HR> <DIV CLASS="buttons"><BUTTONS><FONT SIZE=-1><TABLE BGCOLOR=#aaffaa BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=2 CELLSPACING=4> <TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Welsh.html" TARGET="_top">Top</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="Lesson04.html" TARGET="_top">Previous</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="Lesson06.html" TARGET="_top">Next</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="TOC.html" TARGET="_top">Contents</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="LexiconForms.html" TARGET="_top">Lexicon</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Glossary.html" TARGET="_top">Glossary</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Index.html" TARGET="_top">Index</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A HREF="mailto:Mark.Nodine@mot.com">Comment</A> </TABLE> </FONT></BUTTONS></DIV> </BODY> <HR><I><ADDRESS><A HREF=mailto:Mark.Nodine@mot.com>Mark.Nodine@mot.com</A> -- Mark H Nodine,visitor</ADDRESS> <ADDRESS>14 June 2003 at 23:33:27</ADDRESS></I>