Lesson 6. How to Be *Emphatic* and Possessive

<HEAD> <LINK rel="STYLESHEET" href="./main.css" type="text/css"> <TITLE>Lesson 6. How to Be *Emphatic* and Possessive</TITLE>  </HEAD> <BODY> <P> Here is the <A HREF="Lesson06.etx">setext</A> version of this lesson. <P> <H1><A NAME="Lesson 6. How to Be *Emphatic* and Possessive">Lesson 6. How to Be *Emphatic* and Possessive</A></H1> <DIV CLASS=TOC><B>Contents:</B><UL> <LI><A HREF="#6.1. Emphatic Subjects">6.1. Emphatic Subjects</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.2. Emphatic Complements">6.2. Emphatic Complements</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.3. Emphatic Questions and Answers">6.3. Emphatic Questions and Answers</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.4. Possessive Nouns">6.4. Possessive Nouns</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.5. How to Say All">6.5. How to Say "All"</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.6. Here and There">6.6. Here and There</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.7. Two">6.7. Two</A> <LI><A HREF="#6.8. Indirect Objects and Personal Forms of i">6.8. Indirect Objects and Personal Forms of "i"</A> <LI><A HREF="#Ymarfer 6">Ymarfer 6</A> <LI><A HREF="#Sgwrs 6">Sgwrs 6</A> <LI><A HREF="#Geirfa 6">Geirfa 6</A> <LI><A HREF="#Exercises 6">Exercises 6</A> <LI><A HREF="#Footnotes 6 (for the terminally curious)">Footnotes 6 (for the terminally curious)</A></UL> </DIV><HR> <DIV CLASS="revision"><CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1><P> <A HREF="ChangeLogFiles.html#Lesson 6. How to Be *Emphatic* and Possessive">Revision 1.13</A> of this page, last updated on <A HREF="ChangeLogDate.html#2003/02/17">2003/02/17</A>. <BR> (C)opyright 1994-2003 Mark H. Nodine </FONT></CENTER></DIV><P> <H2><A NAME="6.1. Emphatic Subjects">6.1. Emphatic Subjects</A></H2> <P> There are times when you need to be emphatic. Crashing your hand on the table may achieve this effect, but that method is limited in its applicability, since you may not happen to have a table handy (not to mention that it's totally out of the question for written communication). Not to worry! In Welsh, you can emphasize part of a sentence by putting it first. Unfortunately, changing the word order also changes the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#verb">verb</A> that is needed. In this section, we concentrate on sentences where the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#subject">subject</A> of the sentence is what is emphasized. <P> The normal word order has a form of "bod" first, followed by the subject, followed by the complement: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Mae Aled yma.<BR> Rydw i'n darllen.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Aled is here.<BR> I am reading. </TABLE></DL> <P> To emphasize the subject, place it first in the sentence, and use the special verb "<I><A NAME="sy">sy</A></I>" (or "<I><A NAME="sydd">sydd</A></I>"): <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Aled sy yma.<BR> Fi sydd yn darllen.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> <EM>Aled</EM> is here (i.e., not Elwyn).<BR> <EM>I</EM> am reading (i.e., not you). </TABLE></DL> <P> As far as I can tell, "sy" and "sydd" may be freely interchanged, and are not related to such things as whether the following word begins with a vowel, with the former probably being more common in spoken Welsh. As we will see in <EM>Section 0.0</EM>, these sentences can actually be thought of as containing a simple form of a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#relative clause">relative clause</A>. <P> Emphatic subjects are common in "who" and "what" questions and in the answers to those questions (in fact, there is no other way to ask them): <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Pwy sy'n dod i fwyta heno?<BR> Aled sy'n dod.<BR> Beth sy'n digwydd yma?<BR> Dim.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Who's coming to eat tonight?<BR> Aled is coming.<BR> What's happening here?<BR> Nothing. </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="6.2. Emphatic Complements">6.2. Emphatic Complements</A></H2> <P> No, I'm not talking about statements like "Wow, that's <EM>absolutely</EM> the most <EM>fantastic</EM> hair style I've <EM>ever</EM> seen; how'd you get it to stick like that?". I'm talking about a grammatical <A HREF="./Glossary.html#complement">complement</A>, not a <EM>compliment</EM>. The common thread among these sentences is that the subject comes after the verb, which is itself preceded by something that needs emphasis. So, for example, in the following two sentences, the second is emphatic. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Rydw i'n ddysgwr.<BR> Dysgwr ydw i.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> I am a learner.<BR> I am a <EM>learner</EM>. (i.e., not a teacher) </TABLE></DL> <P> Notice that "dysgwr" is no longer mutated in the emphatic sentence, since it does not follow "yn". Also notice that the form of "bod" used in the emphatic form is the kind we associated with questions (see <A HREF="./Lesson02.html#2.2. How to say Am I, etc.">Section 2.2</A>). That observation holds all the way through, except that in the third <A HREF="./Glossary.html#person">person</A> <A HREF="./Glossary.html#singular">singular</A>, where either the form "ydy" or "<I><A NAME="yw">yw</A></I>" may be used <A HREF="#[1]">[1]</A>: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Problem ydy e.<BR> Problem mawr yw Aled.<BR> Problem mawr iawn ydyn nhw.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> He is a problem.<BR> Aled is a big problem.<BR> They are a very big problem. </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Note on pronunciation">Note on pronunciation</A></I><DD> The "w" in "yw" is a consonant; thus, the "y" has the <A HREF="./Lesson01.html#clear">clear</A> sound. </DL> <H2><A NAME="6.3. Emphatic Questions and Answers">6.3. Emphatic Questions and Answers</A></H2> <P> Emphatic questions are easy. Just take your emphatic sentence and pass it through the "sed" program with the following script "s/\./?/". In English, this means to substitute a question mark for the period at the end of the sentence. In spoken Welsh, it means to end the sentence with a rising inflection. Thus, <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Bachgen yw e.<BR> Bachgen yw e?<BR> Fi sy'n achosi'r broblem.<BR> Fi sy'n achosi'r broblem?<TD ALIGN=LEFT> He is a <EM>boy</EM>.<BR> Is he a <EM>boy</EM>?<BR> <EM>I'm</EM> causing the problem.<BR> Am <EM>I</EM> causing the problem? </TABLE></DL> <P> So how does one answer these questions? To say "yes", use "<I><A NAME="ie">ie</A></I>". "No" is "<I><A NAME="nage">nage</A></I>". So <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Bachgen yw e? Nage.<BR> Fi sy'n achosi'r broblem? Ie, wrth gwrs. </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="6.4. Possessive Nouns">6.4. Possessive Nouns</A></H2> <P> Being possessive isn't always a bad thing. People have things, and things have things. To say that noun A has noun B, just put A after B. Thus, we have <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> drws y ty+<BR> siop Wil Jones<TD ALIGN=LEFT> the door of the house<BR> Will Jones's shop </TABLE></DL> <P> What could be simpler, right? Well, there is one caveat: in this construction, noun B always winds up being a definite noun, and therefore to use the <A HREF="./Lesson03.html#3.1. How to say a and the">definite article</A> with it is superfluous (can you say "wrong"?). Thus, you can say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> drws ty+<BR> drws y ty+<TD ALIGN=LEFT> the door of a house<BR> the door of the house </TABLE></DL> <P> but not <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> *y drws y ty+ <A HREF="#[2]">[2]</A> </TABLE></DL> <P> as we would be tempted to do in translating from English. Part of the problem is that we have three ways in English to express possessives: <OL> <LI>True possessives, which all have a "'s" or "s'" in them: "the house's door", "the students' complaint". <P> <LI>A <A HREF="./Glossary.html#periphrastic">periphrastic</A> construction using a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#prepositional phrase">prepositional phrase</A> beginning with "of": "the door of the house". <P> <LI>Glomming nouns together: a "foreign language communication skills training program" (taken from an actual radio advertisement) is a "program of training of skills of communication of (in) a foreign language". "Glomming" is used in its technical sense of "putting next to each other". </OL> If you think of the Welsh possessives as true possessives, you should have no trouble remembering which definite article doesn't belong. In English, you could say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a house's door (i.e., the door of a house)<BR> the house's door (i.e., the door of the house) </TABLE></DL> <P> but you would never say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> *the house's the door. </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Note">Note</A></I><DD>This leaving out of the article often exposes a noun to mutations that would otherwise have been "blocked" by the article: </DL> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Rydw i wrth y drws.<BR> Rydw i wrth ddrws y cefn.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> I am by the door.<BR> I am by the back door. </TABLE></DL> <P> (Notice that "wrth" causes a soft <A HREF="./Lesson05.html#contact mutation">contact mutation</A>.) All of this naturally raises the question, how do you say "a door of the house"? There's a fire, and you don't care which door you use. The short answer is that you can't without using periphrasis, defined by Webster as the "use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression"; even in English we resort to form (2) above to make the definiteness more precise. Thus, for this example, you could say: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> un o ddrysau'r ty+<TD ALIGN=LEFT> one of the house's doors. </TABLE></DL> <P> A little more controversially, you may be able to say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> drws i'r ty+<TD ALIGN=LEFT> a door to the house </TABLE></DL> <P> which some believe is short for <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> drws sy'n perthyn i'r ty+<TD ALIGN=LEFT> a door that belongs to the house. <A HREF="#[3]">[3]</A> </TABLE></DL> <P> On the other hand, I have had some Welsh speakers react, "I've never heard of such a thing," to examples of this sort. <P> <H2><A NAME="6.5. How to Say All">6.5. How to Say "All"</A></H2> <P> The English word "all" is expressed by putting the phrase <I><A NAME="i gyd">i gyd</A></I> after the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#plural">plural</A> form of the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#noun">noun</A> or <A HREF="./Glossary.html#pronoun">pronoun</A>: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> yr afalau i gyd<BR> ni i gyd<BR> chi i gyd<TD ALIGN=LEFT> all the apples<BR> all of us<BR> y'all :-) </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="6.6. Here and There">6.6. Here and There</A></H2> <P> "Here" and "there" are relatively straightforward in English; the former is used for things that are close to you and the latter for things that are not. (There's also an interrogative form "where", but that's neither here nor there.) In Welsh, there are four words. As is often the case, it is impossible to give hard and fast rules as to when to use which form, but here are some general guidelines. <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="yma"><I>yma</I></A></I><DD>Means "here"; something at a close distance. <DT><I><A NAME="yna"><I>yna</I></A></I><DD>Means "there"; something at a medium distance that you point to. <DT><I><A NAME="acw"><I>acw</I></A></I><DD>Means "over there", "yonder"; also something you point to. <DT><I><A NAME="yno"><I>yno</I></A></I><DD>Means "there", but you can't see it (out of sight, man!) </DL> For example, if the friend you are talking to on the phone asks you what time the clock on his/her wall says, you might very well say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ond dydw i ddim yno.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> But I'm not there. </TABLE></DL> <P> However, if your friend is sitting on the other side of the room and asks you to put your arm around him/her, you might say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ond dydw i ddim yna.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> But I'm not there. </TABLE></DL> <P> If your friend asks you to read the sign that's atop that distant mountain, you might say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ond dydw i ddim acw.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> But I'm not there. </TABLE></DL> <P> And if your friend is knocking on the door to rebuke you for saying something insulting at the party, you might say <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ond dydw i ddim yma.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> But I'm not here. </TABLE></DL> <P> But I doubt you'd get away with it. <P> <H2><A NAME="6.7. Two">6.7. Two</A></H2> <P> Welsh has one word for "one", but two words for "two". (Don't worry, that progression doesn't continue; learning twelve words for "dozen" would get to be a real pain, and twenty words for "score" would be even worse.) There are two important things to remember about "two": <OL> <LI>The form used with masculine nouns is "<I><A NAME="dau">dau</A></I>"; that used with feminine nouns is "<I><A NAME="dwy">dwy</A></I>". <P> <LI>The number is followed by the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#singular">singular</A> form of the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#noun">noun</A>. This fact actually holds for all numbers in Welsh, and it is a common mistake for English speakers to put a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#plural">plural</A> noun after numbers larger than one. <P> <LI>Both "dau" and "dwy" are followed by the <A HREF="./AppendixA.html#A.2. Soft Mutation">soft mutation</A>. </OL> OK, so I lied; there are three important things about "two". Here are some examples: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> dau blentyn<BR> dwy ferch<TD ALIGN=LEFT> two children<BR> two girls </TABLE></DL> <P> In fact there is one more oddity about "two": it undergoes a soft mutation itself after the <A HREF="./Lesson03.html#3.1. How to say a and the">definite article</A>: <A HREF="#[4]">[4]</A> <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> y ddau ddyn<BR> y ddwy ardd<TD ALIGN=LEFT> the two men<BR> the two gardens </TABLE></DL> <P> <H2><A NAME="6.8. Indirect Objects and Personal Forms of i">6.8. Indirect Objects and Personal Forms of "i"</A></H2> <P> A <A HREF="./Glossary.html#verb">verb</A> in English can have two types of <A HREF="./Glossary.html#object">object</A>: a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#direct object">direct object</A> or an <A HREF="./Glossary.html#indirect object">indirect object</A> (actually, if there is an indirect object, there must also be a direct object). So in the sentence <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> He hit his sister. </TABLE></DL> <P> the direct object is "his sister". In the sentence <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> He gave his sister a hit. </TABLE></DL> <P> the direct object is "a hit" and the indirect object is "his sister". It is always possible to paraphrase an indirect object as a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#prepositional phrase">prepositional phrase</A> using the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#preposition">preposition</A> "to" (or "for"), e.g., <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> He gave a hit to his sister. </TABLE></DL> <P> Welsh does not have indirect objects. The periphrasis is always done using the preposition "i" (don't forget any <A HREF="./Lesson05.html#contact mutation">contact mutation</A> as specified in <A HREF="./Lesson05.html#5.5. Soft Mutation after i">Section 5.5</A>): <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Rydw i'n mynd i brynu anrheg <EM>i Nerys</EM>.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> I'm going to buy Nerys a present. </TABLE></DL> <P> One complication is that the preposition "i" has <I><A NAME="personal forms">personal forms</A></I> in the third <A HREF="./Glossary.html#person">person</A>. That is to say, when it is followed by a third person <A HREF="./Glossary.html#pronoun">pronoun</A>, it takes on forms specific to that pronoun: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=2 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TH ALIGN=CENTER> Singular<TH ALIGN=CENTER> Plural <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> i fi (i mi)<TD ALIGN=LEFT> i ni <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> i ti<TD ALIGN=LEFT> i chi <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> <EM>iddo</EM> fe<BR> <EM>iddi</EM> hi<TD ALIGN=LEFT> <EM>iddyn</EM> nhw <A HREF="#[5]">[5]</A> </TABLE></DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Notes">Notes</A></I><DD> </DL> <OL> <LI>For some reason, "mi" is often used in place of "fi" with the preposition "i". <P> <LI>In written Welsh, you can combine the preposition with the pronoun in the following cases: "imi", "iti", "inni", and "ichi" <A HREF="#[6]">[6]</A>. <P> <LI>Strictly speaking, in the conjugated forms "iddo", "iddi", and "iddyn", the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#personal pronoun">personal pronoun</A> is redundant and should be omitted. In practice, it is often kept in speech (except when referring back to the antecedent of a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#relative clause">relative clause</A>). </OL> So, for example: <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Beth am Nerys? Rydw i'n mynd i brynu anrheg iddi hi. </TABLE></DL> <P> Parenthetically, it may be noted that it is possible to get into some trouble with indirect objects. For example, in the sentence <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Throw the baby down the stairs a clean diaper (nappy)! </TABLE></DL> <P> you were probably ready to accuse me of child abuse until we got to the end of the sentence, when you reparsed "the baby" from a direct object to an indirect object. Welsh avoids this problem entirely. <H2><A NAME="Ymarfer 6">Ymarfer 6</A></H2> <P> [Some <A HREF="Answers06.html#Answers for Lesson 6">answers</A> can be found in a separate file.] <P> 1. Answer each question negatively and emphasize that the word in parenthesis fits the bill: e.g., <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ydy'r wyau'n barod nawr? (y cig moch)<BR> Nag ydyn. Y cig moch sy'n barod nawr. </TABLE></DL> <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<BR> f.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ydw i'n mynd i'r siop? (fi)<BR> Ydy Elwyn yn ddiog? (Huw)<BR> Ydyn nhw'n achosi problemau? (y bechgyn)<BR> Ydy Nerys yn dawnsio'n hardd? (Ann)<BR> Ydyn ni'n gweithio'n galed? (fi)<BR> Ydy'r llaeth yn y gegin o hyd? (y caws) </TABLE></DL> <P> 2. Change each of the following sentences to switch the emphasis, e.g., <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Tom yw'r dyn gorau.<BR> Y dyn gorau yw Tom. </TABLE></DL> <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Fi ydy'r helpwr.<BR> Y ferch fach yw Sian.<BR> Y gegin ydy'r stafell 'ma.<BR> Dysgwr ydw i.<BR> Y problem yw'r ci. </TABLE></DL> <P> 3. Construct questions and answers by choosing one item from each column of the table below. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=2 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Fi<BR> Y llew<BR> Y ferch<BR> Y plentyn<BR> Mair<TD ALIGN=LEFT> yw'r<TD ALIGN=LEFT> problem<BR> fam<BR> helpwr<BR> plismon<BR> dysgwr<TD ALIGN=LEFT> ?<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ie.<BR> Nage. </TABLE></DL> <P> 4. Answer the following questions by saying that Gwen is not here, but Gwen's whatever is here. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ex. Ydy Gwen yma? (Mam) Nag ydy, ond mae mam Gwen yma. </TABLE></DL> <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<BR> f.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ydy Gwen yma? (Ty+) Nag ydy, ond mae _____ Gwen yma.<BR> Ydy Gwen yma? (Llaeth)<BR> Ydy Gwen yma? (Ci)<BR> Ydy Gwen yma? (Wyau)<BR> Ydy Gwen yma? (Tegell)<BR> Ydy Gwen yma? (Siop) </TABLE></DL> <P> 5. In the following questions, all of the items in question are not here, but there in the indicated location. Answer the questions, using the appropriate form for "there". <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=5 CELLSPACING=15> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> Ex. Oes afal yma? (yn y dre) Nag oes, mae'r afalau i gyd yno yn y dre. </TABLE></DL> <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> <BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Oes wy yma? (yn y cwpwrdd) Nag oes, mae'r ________ i gyd ____ yn<BR> y cwpwrdd.<BR> Oes llew yma? (yn Asia) Nag oes, _____.<BR> Oes cig yma? (yn y gegin)<BR> Oes storm yma? (ar y mynydd) </TABLE></DL> <H2><A NAME="Sgwrs 6">Sgwrs 6</A></H2> <P> [A <A HREF="Conversation06.html#Conversation for Lesson 6">translation</A> of this conversation can be found in a different file.] <DL COMPACT> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Bore da, mam. Sut mae? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Mae popeth yn iawn, Nerys. Wyt ti eisiau rhywbeth i fwyta. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Ydw. Beth sydd ar gael? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Mae dau wy ar o+l. Mae caws, hefyd. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Wyau yw'r bwyd brecwast gorau yn y byd. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Ie. Wyt ti eisiau'r wyau, 'te? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Ydw, rydw i eisiau bwyta'r wyau i gyd. Ble mae'n nhw? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Maen nhw yna wrth ddrws y gegin. Wyt ti eisiau ychydig o gig moch gyda'r wyau? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Nag ydw. Dydw i ddim eisiau bod yn dew fel Sia+n. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Nerys! Dydy hynny ddim yn garedig. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Ond mae'n wir! Dydw i ddim yn gwybod pam mae Alun yn hoffi Sia+n. Ble mae Alun nawr? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Mae e'n mynd i'r dre gyda Elwyn. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Rydw i'n falch dydw i ddim yno. Mae Elwyn yn ddyn diflas, siw+r o fod. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Nag ydy. Mae e'n ddyn diddorol iawn, rydw i'n meddwl. Pam dwyt ti ddim yn hoffi Elwyn? <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Achos dydy e ddim yn hardd fel Eirug, brawd Sia+n. Rydw i mewn cariad ag Eirug. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Twt! Elwyn sy'n well o'r ddau. Mae e'n gweithio yn galed. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Ond dydy e ddim yn dawnsio. Dydy e ddim yn gryf fel Eirug, chwaith. Mae Elwyn yn rhy wan a diog. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Mrs. Hughes">Mrs. Hughes</A></I><DD>Dydy Eirug ddim eisiau gweithio o gwbl. Eirug yw'r dyn diog. <P> <DT><I><A NAME="Nerys">Nerys</A></I><DD>Nage. Ydy'r wyau 'na yn barod eto? </DL> <H2><A NAME="Geirfa 6">Geirfa 6</A></H2> <PRE> a+ (ag) - (prep.) with dod a+ - (v.) bring mynd a+ - (v.) take achosi - (v.) cause ar o+l - (prep.) after, left (over) bachgen [bechgyn, m.] - boy balch - (adj.) glad, proud beic [m.] - bike beth - what beth am - what about bod - (v.) be brawd [brodyr, m.] - (n.) brother brecwast [m.] - breakfast bwyd [-ydd, m.] - food bwyta - (v.) eat byd [-oedd, m.] - world cael - (v.) have, receive, get ar gael - available caled - (adj.) hard caredig - (adj.) kind cariad [-au, m.] - love, sweetheart cefn [-au, m.] - back cig [-oedd, m.] - meat cig moch - bacon cinio [ciniawau, m.] - dinner cryf - (adj.) strong cwbl [m.] - all o gwbl - at all cwpwrdd [cwpyrddau, m.] - cupboard dau - (adj.) two dawnsio - (v.) dance diddorol - (adj.) interesting diflas - (adj.) insipid, boring digwydd - (v.) happen dim [m.] - anything, nothing diog - (adj.) lazy dwy - (adj.) two dyn [-ion, m.] - (n.) man, person dysgwr [dysgwyr, m.] - learner eto - (adv.) yet, again, still fel - (conj. and prep.) like gorau - (adj.) best gweithio - (v.) work gwir - (adj.) true gwell - (adj.) better hardd - (adj.) beautiful, handsome hynny - (pron.) that i gyd - (adv.) all ie - yes mewn - (prep.) in mynydd [-oedd, m.] - mountain nage - no nawr - (adv.) now <A HREF="#[7]">[7]</A> parod - (adj.) ready perthyn - (v.) belong popeth [m.] - everything problem [-au, f.] - problem pwy - who siw+r (o) - (adj.) sure siw+r o fod - that's for sure 'te - (adv.) then tew - (adj.) fat wrth - (prep.) by, at wrth gwrs - of course wy [-au, m.] - egg yna - (adv.) there yno - (adv.) there </PRE><H2><A NAME="Exercises 6">Exercises 6</A></H2> <P> [The <A HREF="Answers06.html#Answers for Lesson 6">answers</A> can be found in a separate file.] <P> 1. Translate the following sentences into Welsh. <P> <DL><DD><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD ALIGN=LEFT> a.<BR> <BR> b.<BR> c.<BR> d.<BR> e.<BR> f.<BR> <BR> g.<BR> <BR> h.<BR> i.<BR> <BR> j.<TD ALIGN=LEFT> Is Eirug dancing on the back of a bike? No, Eirug's <EM>sweetheart</EM><BR> is dancing there.<BR> Who is ready to buy her a present? I am.<BR> The best problem is Sian's interesting problem.<BR> Is <EM>that learner</EM> lazy and boring? No. That's not true.<BR> Who is working there on that mountain? Two policemen.<BR> There are two baskets in the cupboard by the kitchen door. I want<BR> to bring all the apples to them.<BR> What in the world is happening here? Nothing good is happening,<BR> that's for sure.<BR> These two rooms belong to him now. That's the problem.<BR> I see a big boy and a little girl. Who is the better learner?<BR> The little girl is better.<BR> <EM>Everything</EM> is beautiful on the mountain of Ann's mother. Yes, indeed. </TABLE></DL> <H2><A NAME="Footnotes 6 (for the terminally curious)">Footnotes 6 (for the terminally curious)</A></H2> <DL COMPACT> <DT><A NAME="[1]">[1]</A><DD>The full literary form is "ydyw", so "ydy" and "yw" really only differ according to whether the first or third syllable is dropped. <DT><A NAME="[2]">[2]</A><DD>The "*" in this example, as in many linguistics books, means that the <A HREF="./Glossary.html#phrase">phrase</A> as presented is ungrammatical. <P> <DT><A NAME="[3]">[3]</A><DD>Here's an example of "sy" being used to introduce a <A HREF="./Glossary.html#relative clause">relative clause</A>, something that was mentioned as a possibility in <A HREF="#6.1. Emphatic Subjects">Section 6.1</A>. <P> <DT><A NAME="[4]">[4]</A><DD>This mutation after the <A HREF="./Lesson03.html#3.1. How to say a and the">definite article</A> is one of those remnants of the dual number from Old Welsh that I told you in a footnote to <A HREF="./Lesson04.html#4.2. Plurals">Section 4.2</A> you'd never need to worry about. <P> <DT><A NAME="[5]">[5]</A><DD>The literary form of "iddyn nhw" is "iddynt hwy". <P> <DT><A NAME="[6]">[6]</A><DD>The literary form of "ichi" is "ichwi". <P> <DT><A NAME="[7]">[7]</A><DD>The N. Wales version of this word is "rw+an". Contrary to popular opinion, it is not spelled that way because the people from N. Wales just decided to be backwards (the words are exactly the reverse of each other). Both are abbreviations of the somewhat stilted phrase "yn yr awr hon" (in this hour), with different parts left out. </DL> <HR> <DIV CLASS="buttons"><BUTTONS><FONT SIZE=-1><TABLE BGCOLOR=#aaffaa BORDER=0 CELLPADDING=2 CELLSPACING=4> <TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Welsh.html" TARGET="_top">Top</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="Lesson05.html" TARGET="_top">Previous</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="Lesson07.html" TARGET="_top">Next</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="TOC.html" TARGET="_top">Contents</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="LexiconForms.html" TARGET="_top">Lexicon</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Glossary.html" TARGET="_top">Glossary</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A TARGET=_top HREF="./Index.html" TARGET="_top">Index</A><TD ALIGN=CENTER> <A HREF="mailto:Mark.Nodine@mot.com">Comment</A> </TABLE> </FONT></BUTTONS></DIV> </BODY> <HR><I><ADDRESS><A HREF=mailto:Mark.Nodine@mot.com>Mark.Nodine@mot.com</A> -- Mark H Nodine,visitor</ADDRESS> <ADDRESS>14 June 2003 at 23:33:30</ADDRESS></I>